Moral Panics Essay - 827 Words

SOC389 Essay 1 1.)Both the Eugenics and Satanism moral panics were both originated in the form of some sort of rumor that over a sustained period of time was amplified to an extreme extent. Both of the moral panics were spread through the form of media and posed a great threat to society. The Eugenics case was a combination of both a moral panic as well as a conspiracy theory being that it was believed that complex human behaviors such as criminality and lack of success could potentially be bred out of existence by breeding only for strength and resistance to disease (Kossy, 2001). The basis for this moral panic began with the uprising familiarity of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, which people did not understand fully and applied†¦show more content†¦The â€Å"powerful† who first began Eugenics were those from the Human Betterment Foundation and the British Eugenics Society whose main target were the genetically â€Å"unfit† and the â€Å"feeble-minded† (Kossy, 2 001). They categorized specific groups of individuals as being â€Å"unfit.† For example, they believed all African Americans to show criminal behaviors, Native Americans to lack civilization, Jews to spread disease, Italians to disobey the law, and the Chinese to overuse opiates (Kossy, 2001). The Satanic moral panic was originated by a power elite, congressman Paul Simon, and then was reemphasized by another power elite, Geraldo Rivera (Victor, 1993). As the Satanic rituals became widely publicized, the powerful continued to reinforce society’s beliefs about the issue, and it began benefitting politicians, movie makers, musicians, and people in the medical industry. Both the Eugenics and Satanism cases involved the power elite manipulating society to conform to their beliefs and to ostracize certain other groups of people. 3.)The Eugenics and Satanism moral panic case studies demonstrate that people have a tremendous fear of social or moral change that they will believe just about anything authorities and opinion leaders tell them to. The Eugenics panic caused people to fear non-whites because they were told they had higher rates of disease andShow MoreRelatedEssay on An Inside Look at Moral Panics1008 Words   |  5 PagesMoral Panics Opinions on personal and social matters are evergrowing and can be found in all forms of media. Themes of sex and their regulation from all forms of figures and institutions influence the publics’ perceptions of normality. The controversies of society that result in a heightened reaction from the public is a moral panic. Reactions that result in these mass panics can be initiated by simple facts about a certain taboo, and as generations change, so do the norms of that society, creatingRead MoreCrime, Moral Panics and the Media Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagescausing a moral panic. ‘A moral panic is a semi- spontaneous or media generated mass movement based on the perception that some individual or group, frequently a minority group or subculture, is dangerously deviant and poses menace to society. These panics are generally fuelled by the media, although not always caused by, media coverage of social issues†¦ These panics can sometimes lead to mob violence†¦ (newsfilter.co.uk). Some of the governing models of moral panics includeRead MoreMoral Panic Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesMoral panics has become a frequent term with in sociology now days. Moral panic is not new, it goes all the way back to 1971. Jock Young discussed the increase in drug abuse and made a statement about the fact how media, public opinions and authorities play a big part in making a moral panic happen. Jock Young was also the first to publish about moral panic in 1971.The term ‘moral panic’ can be defined as a disproportional and hostile social reaction to a condition, person or group defined as a threatRead MoreMoral Panic Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesMoral Panic Moral panic is a widely used and often misinterpreted concept in social sciences. The term was invented by the British sociologist Stanley Cohen the late sixties. Cohen defined moral panic as a form of collective behaviour during which: A condition, episode, person or group emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests; its nature is presented in a stylised and stereotypical fashion by the mass media; the moral barricades are mannedRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Moral Panics1884 Words   |  8 PagesThe Concept of Moral Panics A moral panic is said to occur when the media mobilises public opinion around the condemnation of deviance (Media coverage of deviance: moral panics, lecture handout, 07-10-02). Deviance, in this context, refers to the violation of social norms and values, and the subsequent disruption of social order. This essay will begin with a clarification of the terms moral panic and deviance and outline how the two conceptsRead MoreTerrorism and Moral Panic in America Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pagesendangered. There have been a number of moral panics which have captivated society in terror and more often than not, owing to unfamiliarity. This essay will discuss the perception of a moral panic and will look at the case of the September 11th Terrorist attack against the United States of America, which triggered a colossal conflict of morality within modern day society. This essay will also analyse terrorism as a perceived deviance, the role of the moral entrepreneur and folk devil, in order toRead MoreThe Hiv/Aids Moral Panic. Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesThe HIV/AIDS moral panic. In human societies there will always be issues or problems that occur which cause some form of reaction from those who feel that their values or societal equilibrium is being threatened. Stanley Cohen and Jock Young led the way in explaining the notion of moral panics and how they are formed and their consequences on society. There have been numerous of these moral phenomena over the years, which have gripped society in a vice lock of terror and more often than notRead MoreMedia Reporting And Its Effects On Society1455 Words   |  6 PagesMoral panic is a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society (Dictionary.com). The process of heightening and blowing out of proportion is a common conceptualization in media reporting used to incite fear and portray crime in a lurid light. This ideology of sensationalistic crime reporting began in the 18th century with fictional horror stories. The avid interests of readers and deepen ed emotional language provoked the language of mythRead MoreDiscuss and describe a moral panic from a social science perspective.1218 Words   |  5 PagesSociety is frequently subjected to moral panics when any crime is committed. Humanity repeatedly blows crimes and incidents out of proportion until the entire society is somewhat controlled. Stuart Hall, in his book, ‘Policing the Crisis’ explained that â€Å"the media, in conjunction with the bourgeoisie, create moral panics in order to perpetrate fear and maintain control over society, as a whole.† (Hall, 2013, s. 1) Moral panics are created as a hazard and rising threat to shock both society and cultureRead MoreMurder within the Family3438 Words   |  14 PagesThis essay will explore how the media shapes the formal and informal policing of child murders within the family. Through case studies, an exploration of government policies and legislation, the essay will illustrate how the media has created moral panics around stranger danger, despite the fact that major harm to children is generally caused by families and their friends. Throughout our upbringing one is taught not to speak to strangers because they are the ones who are most likely to bring harm

Hamlet Essay - 1009 Words

Contrast Between Hamlet, Laertes And Fortinbras Hamlet (prince of Denmark) can be greatly compared to Laertes (son of a noble), and Fortinbras (prince of Norway) in the play. They all are very similar but yet different at the same time. They all had love and respect for their fathers and felt the need to avenge their deaths, which all were brutally killed. All three believed that the murderers had dishonoured their fathers as well as themselves. They all reacted and took different approaches in attempt to restore honour in their families. Hamlet seems to be the one who lets things dwell in his mind before taking any action or making an attempt at trying to get on with his life. After the death of his father he becomes depressed†¦show more content†¦Hamlet deeply contemplates about his soul being damned on actions he was willing to pursue in avenging his father’s death. He cautiously plots his act of revenge and waits for the ideal moment to avenge his father’s murder. He decides to show King Claudius a play, a similar performance of Claudius’ own murderous deed, hopefully seeing some kind of reaction from the king. He says â€Å"Ill have these players play something like the murder of my father before mine uncle: Ill observe his looks; Ill tent him to the quick: if he but blench, I know my course. (Act 2 Sc. 2, 597-599). When â€Å"the King rises† unexpectedly, it proves to Hamlet of the King’s guilt and that he indeed killed his father. This is also proves the reality of the ghost to Hamlet. Hamlet had the opportunity to kill Claudius at the chapel but restrained himself, he believed it was too good of a death for Claudius and that if he were killed his sins would be forgiven. This shows his lack of action and proves he is a procrastinator. In his soliloquies he constantly criticizes himself for the obvious avoidance of responsibility saying, â€Å"Am I a coward? Who calls me villain? breaks my pate across? Plucks off my beard, and blows it in my face? Tweaks me by the nose? gives me the lie i the throat, as deep as to the lungs? who does me this?† (Act 2 Sc. 2, 571-575) Laertes acts the most irrationally and rapidly. When Laertes discovers that his father wasShow MoreRelatedHamlet Madness In Hamlet1293 Words   |  6 Pages When reading Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a class, the first thing that most teachers or professors point out is the argument/idea of sanity, specifically Hamlets sanity. I believe that Hamlet is, in fact, feigning his madness. What I do not know is if I believe this because it is what I was taught or if I came up with the idea myself based on my own interpretation. When I was taught Hamlet there was no argument it was just fact that he was faking his madness. Because of my confusion, I came to findRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides tha t the time for revenge is at hand in an insightful soliloquyRead MoreHamlet787 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet Elements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet The way an artist creates a sculpture is similar to the tactics of a drama writer. While artist focus on the color and shape of their creations, writers of drama focus on specific elements. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot, character, setting, staging, and theme to create a well-rounded story. One of the first elements of drama is plot. Considered to be the foundation, plot is theRead MoreHamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet 1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why the male behave in such waysRead MoreHamlet Analysis : Hamlet 1149 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish December 7, 2015 Hamlet Analysis Prince Hamlet is a man who enjoys contemplating difficult philosophical questions. When his father the king of Denmark, was killed by his uncle. when Hamlet returns he sees his ghost after he returns home to find evidence of his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius his uncle was the one who killed his father with poison of the ear. Throughout the rest of the story with him, Hamlet seeks to prove his uncle ClaudiusRead More Character of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is a man of many discoveries. The tragic hero in Shakespeares Hamlet undergoes many changes throughout the play. His mindset is set deep and far away from the physical world that both helps him and hinders him in his plight for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, and his mother. When Hamlet is first introduced in Act I, Scene II, the reader is shown the depths of his sorrow. The King asks Hamlet How is it that the clouds still hangRead MoreHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreOphelia and Hamlet in The Tragedy of Hamlet Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesOphelia and Hamlet In 1600, William Shakespeare composed what is considered the greatest tragedy of all time, Hamlet, the tragedy of the Prince of Denmark. His masterpiece forever redefined what tragedy should be. Critics have analyzed it word for word for nearly four hundred years, with each generation appreciating Hamlet in its own way. While Hamlet conforms, without a doubt, to Aristotles definition of a tragedy, one question still lingers. Did Shakespeare intend for the reader or viewerRead More Hamlet Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revenge of Prince Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, is a wonderfully written play that has many tangled webs of lies, betrayal, and revenge. The play starts off with the death of Hamlets father, the king. One night Hamlet sees the ghost of his dead father. The ghost speaks to Hamlet and tells him that he was killed by Claudius. Claudius, who is Hamlets uncle, has recently become the new king and as well married Hamlets fathers wife, GertrudeRead More Hamlet Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearance

Corporate Accounting and Finance System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Accounting and Finance. Answer: Introduction The significance and relevance of non-financial information have pulled in many effects of Non-Financial Information on Financial Performance indication from ordinary financial declaring, scholastics and policymakers have suggested that monetary clarification customers be outfitted with nonfinancial execution. A segment of the researchers focused on the parts of the non-financial disclosure. The quantifiable basic dynamic association between customer satisfaction and the organisation's future financial execution. The similarly raises a dynamic relationship between Customer fulfilment and future commercial implementation. The found a powerful connection between customer satisfaction and shareholder regard. Monetary information that could be given from financial clarifications could be productively legitimate and thought to be tried and true. Financial reporting has been recognised as the key Indicator of association execution and moreover the most fundamental part of decision making ( Laskin, 2014).. Financial clarifications don't exhibit the estimation of enthusiasm for labourers, neither do they demonstrate their understanding and capacities. Monetary information that could be given from economic decrees could be easily resultant and thought to be trustworthy. Demonstrates excellence in identifying and discussing the nature of nonfinancial information and economic consequences Notwithstanding the necessity for nonfinancial in the relentlessly central zone of organisation, review of the group accounting composing shows that the investigation in organisation affiliations is far not as much as that in amassing. Investigators demonstrate that execution estimation structure as a noteworthy part of the more broad organization information system, and change of financial outcomes system relates to the movements of life cycle, outside condition, business mission, technique, et cetera writer depict cost traceability, with reference to the organization methodology sort nonfinancial, as harder in mass and body shop than master groups (Kritofk, Lament, Musa, 2010). Nonfinancial and financial outcomes investigate the accounting control consequences of various ordinarily observed relationship, in perspective of the arrangement of financial result remembering the real objective to perceive organisations from collecting. Nature similarly constitutes a framework for furthe r research into the relative amicability among precise and easy going control and how this relates to the different organisation properties. As shown by nonfinancial and financial there should be no essential qualification between analysing the costs for collecting support divisions and the costs for the reinforce activities of organisation affiliations. Give a broad approach to managing making and applying development based nonfinancial system to different bodies frames inside affiliations they look at the assorted fittingness of structures techniques, reinforce and furthermore operational, from amassing affiliations. The organisation arrange the plan of financial results is a champion among the every now and again referred to examinations of the institutions. It recognises six estimations of execution as an element of results and determinants factors. It furthermore identifies three organisation movement handle sorts which on a very basic level impact how to gauge performance and furthermore costing systems (Benson, Clay, 2003). A review of vital composition on fiscal and execution measures, especially nonfinancial outcomes and their use in organisations, developed the possibility of the nature traits of relationship in this particular kind of group affiliation. The particularities of the business, i.e. size, kind and sort, choose the extent of possible change and acclimation to the money related in a multinational bank and like this, the kind and size of commercial establishments influence on the demonstration of non-financial measures. Demonstrates excellence in identifying and discussing how nonfinancial information should be reported Nonfinancial data is as vital as economic data in the necessary leadership handle. Both snippets of data contain significant bits of knowledge that can yield interesting outcomes if utilised accurately. To settle on a choice, organisations regularly depend on detailed examination or receive particular strides. These incorporate unmistakably characterising the issue, assessing potential options, picking the best option in light of existing choices, observing execution systems and checking progress intermittently (Hallegatte, Przyluski, 2010). Inside the private business there is a long history of announcing non-financial data, with bookkeepers, examiners and others giving solace on the data being delivered, with proceeded with development in the revealing and utilization of non-financial data, for example, medicinal services information and manageability detailing, bookkeepers are progressively being drawn nearer to give confirmation of non-financial data. The localism plan may likew ise observe an expansion in the examination of data thought to be important by the neighbourhood group. Non-financial data is regularly utilised for convenient arrangement leadership and giving data to help in the allotment of assets over the private business. It is likewise an essential part of the individual responsibility for the exercises of private business. Clients of the non-financial data incorporate Parliament, government offices, other open bodies, appropriately vested parties and people from the general population. Customers of non-financial data hence have a sensible desire that the data they utilise will be stable. Every so often, material blunders have been distinguished in freely announced non-financial data. There is additionally a hazard that non-financial data might be intentionally misquoted when detailing execution or regarding subsidising courses of action. Getting outside affirmation over non-financial data delivered by a private business is one route in which solace can be acquired that data being created is not physically misquoted or deceiving. The munitions stockpile accessible to these gatherings comprises of two classifications inner and outer. Inside data identifies with so much information as HR administration goals, management approaches and management's original vision. Corporate spectators may utilise this essential data to recognise important inner controls, and additionally to reveal ill-advised and generally improper business techniques, for example, deceitful or unlawful exercises. Outside data comes fundamentally from the commercial centre and concerns everything from contenders' moves and loading conditions to business enactment (Eccles, Krzus, Serafeim, 2011). Demonstrates excellence in discussing the consequences of nonfinancial reporting Our examination does not portray what typical organisations do, but rather intentionally speaks to the practices and prioritisation of large groups that lead in the territory of non-financial detailing (Orens, Lybaert, 2000). It bear as a primary concern that because an organisation has a strategy does not generally infer that it is executed, the examination of the substance and the correlations among the reports enable us to take note of a significant level of corporate enthusiasm for corporate social duty related topics and their revealing instruments. By and large, reports entitled corporate social obligation report and supportability reports are the most total and boundless of the sorts of non-financial reports that exist, explicitly coordinating the triple primary concern approach and the partner administration display. Despite what might be expected natural reports and those concentrated on just wellbeing, security, and the earth tends to give an incomplete portrayal of the or ganisation corporate social duty operations. They tend to focus only on the natural effect of their business processes. Social Reports and Social and Environmental Reports are in the centre as far as how thorough they are in explaining an organisation's corporate exercises. Taking a gander at the corporate social duty regions for every partner based class gives us an unmistakable perspective of the principle capacity of a nonfinancial report and the connection amongst it and the idea of corporate social obligation. By drawing on such information and data, an organisation can assess itself and its part inside a difficult and multidimensional condition. The more details produced about what partners require, the all the more successfully teams can speak with them and serve them. In this regard, announcing practices are in certainty at no time in the future confined to regular corporate social duty related issues, for example, the portrayal of ecological security and business relations. These subjects, be that as it may, remain the most secure ones. An ever increasing number of issues and points have been included discourses of an organisation's the virtual group so that non-financial reports now regularly contain an entire summation of corporate conduct. The incorporation defends this action in the stories of what we call straightforwardness pointers. Cases are data about staffing, capital stock organisation, pay plans, assessments and obligations, et cetera. By including such data, groups plan to offer partners a give an unmistakable portrayal of the team's circumstance and how it fits into their nearby setting with the goal that partners can do relative evaluations. Obviously, organisations ought to concentrate more on expressing patterns by embracing a multiyear correspondence point of view to show straightforwardness and progression unmistakably. This announcement is legitimate for each corporate social duty marker, enabling partners to perceive the organisat ion's developmental way its beginning line and congruity with its objective (Murphy, Hogan, 2017).. Conclusions Connecting the open system with the discoveries it is evident that non financial data is an essential device in the central leadership of separate elements. Comes about demonstrated that individual components utilise number nonfinancial data and nonfinancial measures in settling on the choice. It is in this way essential for different elements to consolidate both nonfinancial data and financial information in deciding on the selection. As demonstrated in the review done by, the economic data indicates what is occurring while the nonfinancial data shows why it is going on. In this setting, the analyst builds up a model that consolidates both the nonfinancial data and the financial data in central leadership. For a long time, the announcing system has been founded on economic data where substances get immediate reports that depict the financial measures like wage proclamations, accounting report, articulation of changes in value and explanation of money streams. As of recently, the boo kkeeping board incorporated the notes to the records to the expansion data not depicted in the financial statements. References Benson, C., Clay, E. (2003). Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters: an Assessment of Their Effects and Options for Mitigation: Synthesis Report. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6149.pdf Eccles, R., Krzus, M., Serafeim, G. (2011). Market Interest in Nonfinancial Information. Retrieved from https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/12-018.pdf Hallegatte, S., Przyluski, V. (2010). The Economics of Natural Disasters.Policy Research Working Paper. Retrieved from https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/255791468339901668/pdf/WPS5507.pdf Kritofk, P., Lament, M., Musa, H. (2010). THE REPORTING OF NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND THE RATIONALE FOR ITS STANDARDISATION.Business Administration And Management. Retrieved from https://www.ekonomie-management.cz/download/1465542665_c3b6/11_THE+REPORTING+OF+NON-FINANCIAL+INFORMATION.pdf Laskin, A. (2014). Nonfinancial Information in Investor Communications.International Journal Of Business Communication,53(4), 375-397. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488414525458 Murphy, L., Hogan, R. (2017). Financial Reporting of Nonfinancial Information: The Role of the Auditor.Journal Of Corporate Accounting Finance. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcaf.22218/abstract Orens, R., Lybaert, N. (2000). DISCLOSURE OF NON-FINANCIAL INFORMATION: RELEVANT TO FINANCIAL ANALYSTS?.Review Of Business And Economic Literature,58(4). Retrieved from https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/477316/2/RBE_58_04_0375.pdf Corporate Accounting and Finance System – Free Samples to Students Question: Discuss about the Corporate Accounting and Finance System. Answer: Introduction: With the increased regulation by ACCA on the companies and the introduction of IFRS, the audit of companies financials have gained special importance and with the signed audit report, nothing can be taken on records and verified. There has been an increased regulation at the Stock exchange where the listing requirements also ask for the signed audit report. Besides this, audit report is also required in case of sanctioning of the loan or filing of the annual reports or paying corporate taxes. The purpose of audit is to give reasonable assurance to the users of the financial statements, both internal and external like employees, customers, banks, shareholders, financial institutions, government, taxation authorities, creditors, etc. Audit is an independent examination of the books of accounts of an entity, whether profit making or not, public or private with the view to express an opinion on the viability of the financial statements being prepared and to comment whether it has been pr epared on an unbiased basis. While starting the audit, the auditor needs to know the ins and outs of the business in which the company deals in, the business environment and the industry, the external and internal macroeconomic and microeconomic factors to give a proper view on the financials. They also test the estimates and judgements being taken by the management to see whether the same is appropriate or not. They need to spot the risk areas where there is a chance of material misstatement and hence point out the same to the management. They also check the basic assumptions of accounting like materiality, consistency and whether the entity is a going concern(Sonu, Ahn Choi 2017). For giving effect to all this, they may take help of the substantive and analytical audit procedures. Substantive audit procedures is done via inspection of the books of accounts, ledger scrutiny, etc. and observation of the key activities being done in the company. They also take the external confirmation from the parties like banks and the financial institutions, creditors and debtors on the year-end balances, etc. and in some case make inquiry from the external parties like vendors and customers. Besides this, they also do re-performance and recalculation of certain critical numbers like earning per share, taxes, etc. to check the arithmetical accuracy. Further, besides this, reporting of the assets and liabilities is also seen whether they are recorded completely and without any errors. In addition, the related party disclosures and other crucial information, which needs to be disclosed, are checked. Once the auditor is done with substantive procedures, he applies the analytical procedures to determine the nature of the audit processes to be applied, the time to be taken for each activity and the extent to which the materiality level should be set and checked. He checks the level of internal control being maintained at the entity. If it is strong, the risks would be low and hence the checking required would be less. Similarly, if the internal control is weak, the risks would be more and it certainly calls for more audit corrective procedures and vigilant checking. Analytical audit procedures generally include analysis of key financial ratios, trend analysis over the period, comparison with the industry data and comparison of actual with budgeted figures to arrive at the variance analysis(Raiborn, Butler Martin 2016). Double Ink Printers Limited is the client and Stewart and Kathy would be conducting the audit in the given case study. The new auditors are taking over from the old ones, Jay and Associates because of which all the handover needs to be taken and opening balances needs to be verified. As per the case study, DIPL has undergone many changes in the last financial year including changes in the accounting policies, change in the top management, the new IT system being adopted, a huge loan being taken. In the light of above-mentioned financial and non-financialdata, it becomes inevitable for the new auditors to do a detailed checking of the books. Below is the ratio analysis of the entity for the last 3 years, which shows some of the trends(Knechel Salterio 2016). Observations from Ratio Analysis: Here the current ratio as well as the liquid ratio has just about reached near the industry standard of twoone respectively. However, it is still to achieve in the future. In addition, since as per the loan agreement with BDO Finance Ltd., current ratio was to be at least 1.5, which the company was just about reached in 2015. The Debt equity ratio here has increased from 0.4:1 to 1.13:1 over the period of 3 years, which is still below the industry standards of 2:1, but as per the loan agreement, the ratio was required to be within one, which has been crossed in 2015 financial year. Asset management ratios show a drastic fall in both the receivables cycle and the inventory turnover cycle as both of them increased by around 50%, which shows that the company has not been able to maintain effectivity over the business cycle and the control procedures have not been as was required. All the three ratios calculated here are evident of the fact that the ratios have been stagnant in the last 3 years near to 6% and has neither increased or decreased even after taking benefit of increased loan in the capital structure(Jones 2017). Risk identification and mitigation is an important aspect of auditing. It is important that while conducting the audit, the auditor must apply proper judgement and professional scepticism to make sure that all kinds of risk is properly identified and the auditor must take care to inform the man agent for the same. The management must also ascertain that proper internal control measures are there, so that all kinds of risk elements are properly eliminated. There are three types of risk, inherent risks that occurs when things are not there in hands of the management, even if proper internal control is maintained. Control risks occur when the management has not maintained proper internal control measures that expose the entity to certain kind of risk. In addition, the detection risk, occurs when the auditor fails to detect certain risks and errors(Grenier 2017). In the given case of DIPL, there are two types of inherent risk. The first risk is associated with the adoption of non-routine matter that is deviation from the general procedures that are followed by the company. The CEO of the company wants to adopt new methods of valuation of inventory and calculation of total depreciation. The life of the asset as per the rules of the industry must be taken as 30 years, but the company wants to adopt the total life as 20 years. Thus, we see that the management is deviating from the routine matters, which might leads to risk of material misstatement. It may lead to undervaluation or overvaluation of the assets in the financial statements. It is thus important that before undertaking such steps, proper research must be conducted by the company. It is important that the auditor must check all the records, and in case new measures are adopted, the auditor must give proper disclosure in the books of the account. The second case of inherent risk that i s associated with the company is in the adoption of new IT system, and the company adopts the same without conducting any kind of research by the management. This is case where we see that the management has taken a decision without taking any expert advice and that might lead to overvaluation or undervaluation of the new system. It may lead to risk of material misstatement and that may affect the overall profit of the company. The management should make changes only when it is hindered percent sure about its validity and then implent the same. The results after implementation must also be monitored so that any case of misevaluation may be ascertained. This in these areas there are no proper control by the management and thus leads to inherent risk on part of the company(Fay Negangard 2017). Fraud occurs when the management of the company or the employees indulges in certain activity that might cause the profitability of the company to defalcate. There may be personal motives involved of the management that might cause such fraud activities. It is important for the auditor to apply all kind of substantive and analytical methods to make sure that the books of the company are able to portray the true state of affairs and there are no errors or fraud. Identification of fraud risk factor is the work of the management of the company and the auditor can help in mitigation of the same. While conducting the audit, the auditor must apply such methods that help in identification of major fraud risk factors. Often the management might be the culprit, the auditor should not rely on what the management portrays and should apply his own research techniques before reaching a conclusion In case of DIPL, there are two areas where there is probability of fraud. First in case of DIPL, there is no proper segregation of duties between the employees of the company. No proper authority is established and that may give the employees an opportunity to conduct fraud. Like in case of the accounts receivable department, a single clerk has been given the right to manage the accounts, verify the payment, decide the overall pricing and reconcile the accounts in the end. In addition, single clerk handles the cash department and there is no proper control that is maintained by the management. Thus, we see that in any case if the employees defalcate with the accounts it will become very difficult for the management. Thus, the auditor must see that while conducting his audit such errors must be identified. In the second case, we see that the management is installing a new system without proper verification in a lot of haste. There are high chances that there was certain personal motiv es involved of the management while taking such decision(DeZoort Harrison 2016). It is also possible that this might lead to under or over valuation of the inventory and that might affect the profitability of the company. Before undertaking any new installation, it is important that proper reconciliation of the total cost and the probable result be done. Expert opinion of the outsiders must be taken in case of the same. Thus, it is important that the auditor must see that proper records must be checked in relation to the new system. It is important in case the management is not helping the auditor and not providing the proper records, then the auditor must check the records and can modify the audit report. The auditor must check that the management is providing proper disclosures in relation to the new system. In these few ways, the auditor can help I identification and mitigation of the overall fraud risk factors that might be associated with the company. It is the duty of the aud itor and the management to make sure that suppose visits and timely checking of the accounts are done to keep a check on the sincerity of the employees. In addition, the management must establish proper controls. All these will help in mitigation of the major farud risk factors in the company and support the auditor in conducting hsi audit properly.(Bae 2017). References Bae, SH 2017, 'The Association Between Corporate Tax Avoidance And Audit Efforts: Evidence From Korea', Journal of Applied Business Research, vol 33, no. 1, pp. 153-172. DeZoort, FT Harrison, PD 2016, 'Understanding Auditors sense of Responsibility for detecting fraud within organization', Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1-18. Fay, R Negangard, EM 2017, 'Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud', Journal of Accounting Education, vol 38, pp. 37-49. Grenier, J 2017, 'Encouraging Professional Skepticism in the Industry Specialization Era', Journal of Business Ethics, vol 142, no. 2, pp. 241-256. Jones, P 2017, Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing, Routledge, NY. Knechel, WB Salterio, SE 2016, Auditing:Assurance and Risk, 4th edn, Routledge, New York. Raiborn, C, Butler, JB Martin, K 2016, 'The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance', Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 10-21. Sonu, CH, Ahn, H Choi, A 2017, 'Audit fee pressure and audit risk: evidence from the financial crisis of 2008', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting Economics , vol 24, no. 1-2, pp. 127-144.

Japan Is A Constitutional Monarchy With A Parliamentary Government. Th

Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The country's constitution was made on May 3, 1947 right when the U.S. took control of Japan following World War II. Under the constitution, Japan has universal adult suffrage with a secret ballot for all elective offices. Which basically means that all legal adults in the country can vote privately. Just like the U.S. their government is made up of an executive branch responsible to the legislative branch and an independent judicial branch. The national parliament, a.k.a The Diet, is made up of (somewhat like the U.S.) two houses: a House of Representatives (lower house) of 500 members and a House of Councillors (upper house) of 252 members. Executive power is given to a cabinet made up of a prime minister and ministers of state. Although, all of those prime ministers and ministers of state have to be civilians. The prime minister must be a member of The Diet, usually in the House of Representatives, and is chosen by his others in that house. The prime minister has the power to appoint and remove ministers, and mostly all have have to be Diet members. Japan's judicial system, which, again, is based off of the U.S.traditions, consists of several levels of courts, and the Supreme Court is the final judicial authority or the court that has the last word in any judicial issue. The constitution includes a bill of rights similar to the United States Bill of Rights, and the Supreme Court has the right of judicial review. Japanese courts do not employ a jury, and there are no administrative courts or claims courts like we have in the U.S. Court decisions are made with legal statutes; only Supreme Court decisions have any direct effect on later issues of the law. Japan does not have a federal system. It mostly depends heavily on the central government for help. Governors of regions in Japan(like the 50 states in the U.S.), mayors of large cities or towns, and state and city wide assembly members are popularly elected for four-year terms. In the lower house of the Diet, 300 members are elected in single-member districts and another 200 members are elected on equally in 11 regions of the country. Lower house members serve for four years, or until the prime minister changes the Diet, basically, whichever comes first. In the upper house, 152 members are elected in regional districts, while 100 are elected in nation-wide balloting. Upper house members serve for six years. The lower house is the more powerful of the two parliamentary houses. If the upper and lower houses cant agree on the choice of prime minister, the lower house takes charge, and budgets and treaties can be passed only with action by the lower house. Japan is a multiparty democracy that has experienced great stability in the postwar period. From 1955 until 1993, the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) ruled Japan without interruption. During that period, the main opposition party in the Diet was the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), which relied heavily on Japan's labor unions for support, and which in recent years has experienced a sharp decline in popularity. In 1993, a multiparty alliance took control without the LDP. However, the LDP was returned to power in June 1994 in an unpredictable alliance with the JSP and a small party, the Sakigake. In January, 1995 the LDP reclaimed the prime minister's chair, when Ryutaro Hashimoto replaced his JSP alliance partner, Tomiichi Murayama. Currently the largest parties in the parliament are the New Frontier Party and the Democratic Party of Japan, formed in 1996; all political parties except the Japan Communist Party (JCP) support the security alliance between the United States and Japan.